the stola

stŏla, ae, f., = stolê, a long upper garment.

Orig., as with the Greeks, worn by any one: squalidā saeptus stolā, Enn. ap. Non. 537, 27 (Trag. v. 373 Vahl.); Ov. F. 6, 654: saeptus mendici stolā, Enn. ap. Non. 537, 28 (Trag. v. 372 Vahl.):

lugubri stolā succincta,

id. ib. 198, 4 (Trag. v. 134 id.); so,

muliebris,

Varr. ib. 537, 29 sq. —

Later, with the Romans, in partic.,

Lit., a long female upper garment, worn by the Roman matrons, and reaching from the neck to the ankles, a robe, gown, stole (cf. palla):

vestimenta muliebria... veluti stolae, pallia, tunicae, etc.,

Dig. 34, 2, 23; cf.:

vir fortis stolam indutus,

Sen. Vit. Beat. 13, 3:

(Dianae) erat admodum amplum signum cum stolā,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 34, § 74:

ad talos stola demissa,

Hor. S. 1, 2, 99; Ov. P. 3, 3, 52; cf. id. Tr. 2, 252; Mart. 3, 93, 4; 10, 5, 1; Auct. Priap. 12, 11:

tamquam stolam dedisset, in matrimonio conlocavit,

Cic. Phil. 2, 18, 44.—Hence, also, of the dress of a voluptuary, Hor. S. 1, 2, 71;

of a cithern-player,

Varr. R. R. 3, 13, 3; Ov. F. 6, 654;

of the priests of Isis,

App. M. 11, p. 269, 5.—

Transf., a noble woman, lady, dame, matron:

hic eques, hic juvenum coetu stola mixta laborat,

Stat. S. 1, 2, 235; Plin. 33, 3, 12, § 140; Val. Max. 2, 1, 5. —

In eccl. Lat., a royal robe, Vulg. 1 Par. 15, 27.—

Of the Jewish priests, Vulg. 2 Macc. 3, 15.—

A dress of ceremony, Vulg. Luc. 20, 46.

cēnseo (on the long e, v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, p. 257 sq.), ui, censum (late Lat. censitum, Cod. Just. 11, 47 tit.; 11, 49 tit.; 11, 47, 4 al.; but not in Monum. Ancyr.; cf. Neue, Formenl. 2, 557), 2, v. a. [etym. dub.; often referred to root cas-, whence carmen, camoenus; but prob. from centum, orig. centere, to hundred or number the people; cf. Fischer, Gram. 1, p. 373].

To tax, assess, rate, estimate.

In reference to the census (v. census).

Of the censor (v. censor).

Rarely act. with acc. of the persons or objects assessed or rated; but usu. pass., with subj. -nom.:

censores populi aevitates, suboles, familias, pecuniasque censento,

Cic. Leg. 3, 3, 7:

census quom sum, juratori recte rationem dedi,

Plaut. Trin. 4, 2, 30:

censor ad quojus censionem, id est arbitrium, populus censeretur,

Varr. L. L. 5, § 81 Mull.:

census... indicat eum qui sit census se jam tum gessisse pro cive,

Cic. Arch. 5, 11: absentis censere jubere, P. Scipio ap. Gell. 5, 19, 16: ne absens censeare. Cic. Att. 1, 18, 8:

sub lustrum censeri,

id. ib.:

milia octoginta eo lustro civium censa dicuntur,

Liv. 1, 44, 2:

censa civium capita centum septendecim milia trecenta undeviginti,

id. 3, 24, 10; id. Epit. lib. 11; 13; 14:

censebantur ejus aetatis lustris ducena quinquagena milia capitum,

id. 9, 19, 2:

cum capitum liberorum censa essent CLII. milia,

Plin. 33, 1, 5, § 16: quid se vivere, quid in parte civium censeri, si... id obtinere universi non possint? Liv 7, 18, 5.—

With the amount at which the property was rated, in the acc.: or abl.:

praesertim census equestrem Summam nummorum,

being assessed with the estate necessary to a Roman knight, Hor. A. P. 383:

primae classis homines quicentum et viginti quinque milia aeris ampliusve censi erant... Ceterarumque omnium classium qui minore summa aeris censebantur,

Gell. 7 (6), 13, 1 sq.—Hence, capite censi, those who were assessed ac cording to their ability to labor: qui nullo [p. 312] aut perquam parvo aere censebantur capite censi vocabantur. Extremus autem census capite censorum aeris fuit trecentis septuaginta quinque, Jul. Paul. ap. Gell. 16, 10, 10; Sall. J. 86, 2; Gell. 16, 10, 11; 16, 10, 14; Val. Max. 2, 3, 1; 7, 6, 1;

and in the finite verb: omnia illius (i. e. sapientis) esse dicimus, cum... capite censebitur,

Sen. Ben. 7, 8, 1. —

Absol. in gerund.: censendi, censendo, ad censendum = census agendi, censui agendo, etc.: haec frequentia quae convenit ludorum censendique causa (i.e. census agendi causa, for the sake of the census), Cic. Verr. 1, 18, 54:

mentio inlata apud senatum est, rem operosam... suo proprio magistratu egere... cui arbitrium formulae censendi subiceretur,

the scheme for taking the census, Liv. 4, 8, 4:

quia is censendo finis factus est,

id. 1, 44, 2:

civis Romanos ad censendum ex provinciis in Italiam revocarunt,

Vell. 2, 15:

aetatem in censendo significare necesse est... aetas autem spectatur censendi tempore,

Dig. 50, 15, 3.—

Censum censere = censum agere, only in the gerundial dat.:

illud quaero, sintne illa praedia censui censendo, habeant jus civile,

are they subject to the census, Cic. Fl. 32, 80: censores... edixerunt, legem censui censendo dicturos esse ut, etc., that he would add a rule for the taking of the census, according to which, etc., Liv. 43, 14, 5: censui censendo agri proprie appellantur qui et emi et venire jure civili possunt, Paul. ex Fest. p. 58, 5 Mull.—

Of the assessment of the provinces under provincial officers (censores, and, under the later emperors, censitores).

Pass., with the territory as subject-nom.: quinto quoque anno Sicilia tota censetur;

erat censa praetore Paeducaeo... quintus annus cum in te praetorem incidisset, censa denuo est,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 56, § 139:

omne territorium censeatur quoties, etc.,

Cod. Just. 11, 58 (57), 4.—

The persons assessed as subject:

ubi (coloni) censiti atque educati natique sunt,

Cod. Just. 11, 48 (47), 6:

quos in locis eisdem censitos esse constabit,

ib. 11, 48 (47), 4.—With part. as attribute:

rusticos censitosque servos vendi,

Cod. Just. 11, 48 (47), 7.—

To determine by the census:

cum antea per singulos viros, per binas vero mulieres capitis norma sit censa,

Cod. Just. 11, 48 (47), 10:

nisi forte privilegio aliquo materna origo censeatur,

Dig. 50, 1, 1, § 2.—

Act. with acc.:

vos terras vestras levari censitione vultis, ego vero etiam aerem vestrum censere vellem,

Spart. Pescen. Nig. 7.—

Of the person assessed, to value, make a statement of one ' s property in the census.

Act. with acc.:

in qua tribu ista praedia censuisti?

Cic. Fl. 32, 80.—

Censeri, as dep. with acc.:

census es praeterea numeratae pecuniae CXXX. Census es mancipia Amyntae... Cum te audisset servos suos esse censum, constabat inter omnes, si aliena censendo Decianus sua facere posset, etc.,

Cic. Fl. 32, 80; cf. Ov. P. 1, 2, 140; v. B. 2. c.—

Hence, subst.: cēnsum, i, n.: quorum luxuries fortunata censa peperit, i.e. high estimates of property in the census, Cic. ap. Non. 202, 23 (Fragm. vol. xi. p. 134 B. and K.).

Transf., of things and persons in gen., to value, estimate, rate.

By a figure directly referring to the Roman census: aequo mendicus atque ille opulentissimus Censetur censu ad Acheruntem mortuus, will be rated by an equal census, i.e. in the same class, without considering their property, Plaut. Trin. 2, 4, 93: vos qui potestis ope vostra censerier, referring to a part of the audience, you, who may be rated according to your intelligence, analog. to capite censi (v. I. A. 1. b), id. Capt. prol. 15:

nam argumentum hoc hic censebitur,

will be rated, its census-class will be determined here, id. Poen. prol. 56: id in quoque optimum esse debet cui nascitur, quo censetur, according to which he is rated, i.e. his worth is determined, Sen. Ep. 76, 8.—And with two acc.: quintus Phosphorus, Junonia, immo Veneris stella censetur, is ranked as the fifth, App. de Mundo, p. 710.—

With direct reference to the census.

= aestimo, to estimate, weigh, value, appreciate.

With gen. of price:

dic ergo quanti censes?

Plaut. Rud. 4, 8, 8.—

In the pass.: si censenda nobis atque aestimanda res sit, utrum tandem pluris aestimemus pecuniam Pyrrhi? etc., if we have to weigh and estimate a thing, etc., Cic. Par. 6, 2, 48:

anule... In quo censendum nil nisi dantis amor,

Ov. Am. 2, 15, 2:

interim autem facta sola censenda dicit atque in judicium vocanda,

Gell. 7 (6), 3, 47.—

= honorari, celebrari, with de aliquo, = for the sake of somebody (in Ovid):

pro quibus ut maneat, de quo censeris, amicus, Comprecor, etc.,

the friend for the sake of whom you are celebrated, who is the cause of your renown, Ov. P. 2, 5, 73:

hoc domui debes de qua censeris,

id. ib. 3, 1, 75.—

Censeri, dep., = to distinguish, with acc. only once or twice in Ovid (v. I. A. 3. b):

hanc semper... Est inter comites Marcia censa suas,

has always distinguished her, Ov. P. 1, 2, 140.—

Censeri aliqua re.

= to be appreciated, distinguished, celebrated for some quality, as if the quality were a standard determining the census, analog. to capite censeri (v. I. A. 1. b), very freq. in post-class. writings:

Democritus cum divitiis censeri posset,

when he might have been celebrated for his wealth, Val. Max. 8, 7, ext. 4:

Aristides quo totius Graeciae justitia censetur (quo = cujus justitia),

id. 5, 3, ext. 3 med.: te custode matronalis stola censetur ( = tua, i.e. pudicitiae, custodia), the stola, etc., is appreciated for thy custody, id. 6, 1 prooem.:

una adhuc victoria Carius Metius censebatur,

Tac. Agr. 45:

ut ipsi quoque qui egerunt non aliis magis orationibus censeantur,

id. Dial. 39 fin.: non vitibus tantum censeri Chium, sed et operibus Anthermi filiorum, is celebrated not only for its grapes, but, etc., Plin. 36, 5, 2, § 12:

et Galliae censentur hoc reditu,

id. 19, 1, 2, § 7:

quisquis paulo vetustior miles, hic te commilitone censetur,

is distinguished for the fact that you were his fellow-soldier, Plin. Pan. 15 fin.:

multiplici variaque doctrina censebatur,

Suet. Gram. 10:

felix quae tali censetur munere tellus,

Mart. 9, 16, 5: censetur Apona Livio suo tellus, = for the fact that Livy was born there, id. 1, 61, 3:

hi duo longaevo censentur Nestore fundi,

for the fact that Nestor used them, id. 8, 6, 9:

nec laude virorum censeri contenta fuit (Iberia),

Claud. Laud. Seren. 67:

libri mei non alia laude carius censentur, quam quod judicio vestro comprobantur,

App. Flor. 4, 18, 3.—Hence,

= to be known by something (Appuleian):

hoc nomine censebatur jam meus dominus,

App. M. 8, p. 171:

nomen quo tu censeris aiebat,

id. ib. 5, p. 106: pro studio bibendi quo solo censetur, either known by, or distinguished for, id. Mag. p. 499:

globorum caelestium supremum esse eum qui inerrabili meatu censetur,

which is known by its unerring course, id. Phil. Nat. 1, p. 582.— And,

As gram. t. t., to be marked by some peculiarity, according to which a word is classified: neque de armis et moeniis infitias eo quin figura multitudinis perpetua censeantur, that they are marked by the form of constant plurality, i. e. that they are pluralia tantum, Gell. 19, 8, 5; 10, 20, 8; 19, 13, 3.

Of transactions in and by the Senate, to judge (in the meanings II. and III. the passive voice is not in class. use, while in I. the passive voice is by far the most freq.).

To be of opinion, to propose, to vote, to move, referring to the votes of the senators when asked for their opinions (sententiam dicere).

With a (passive) inf.-clause, denoting what should be decreed by the Senate (esse usu. omitted): rex his ferme verbis patres consulebat... Dic, inquit ei, quid censes? tum ille Puro pioque duello quaerendas (res) censeo, I am of the opinion ( I move, propose) that satisfaction should be sought, etc., ancient formula ap. Liv. 1, 32, 11 sq.:

primum igitur acta Caesaris servanda censeo,

Cic. Phil. 1, 7, 16:

hoc autem tempore ita censeo decernendum,

id. ib. 5, 17, 45; 5, 6, 16; 5, 12, 31; 5, 12, 34; 5, 13, 36; 5, 14, 38; 5, 19, 53; 6, 1, 2; 9, 6, 14; 11, 15, 40; 12, 7, 17; 14, 1, 1; 14, 13, 35; cf.

Regulus's advice in the Senate, being represented as a vote: captivos in senatu reddendos non censuit,

Cic. Off. 1, 13, 39; 3, 31, 111:

quare ita ego censeo... de confessis more majorum supplicium sumendum,

Sall. C. 52, 36; 51, 8; 52, 14:

Appius imperio consulari rem agendam censebat,

Liv. 2, 23, 15:

ut multi (senatores) delendam urbem censerent,

id. 9, 26, 3; 2, 29, 7; 3, 40, 13; 10, 12, 1; 34, 4, 20; 38, 54, 6: cum ejus diei senatus consulta aureis litteris figenda in curia censuisset, Tac. A. 3, 57:

ut nonnulli dedendum eum hostibus censuerint,

Suet. Caes. 24; so id. ib. 14; id. Aug. 100; id. Tib. 4; id. Calig. 60; id. Claud. 26; id. Ner. 2; id. Vesp. 2. Of the emperor's vote in the Senate:

commutandam censuit vocem, et pro peregrina nostratem requirendam,

Suet. Tib. 71; so id. ib. 34; id. Aug. 55.—And with the copula expressed (very rare):

qui censet eos... morte esse multandos,

Cic. Cat. 4, 4, 7.—Sometimes referring to sententia as subject:

sententia quae censebat reddenda bona (inst. of eorum qui censebant),

Liv. 2, 4, 3.—Sometimes with oportere for the gerundial predic. inf.:

quibusdam censentibus (eum) Romulum appellari oportere,

Suet. Aug. 7.—With pres. inf., inst. of a gerundial:

hac corona civica L. Gellius in senatu Ciceronem consulem donari a re publica censuit,

Gell. 5, 6, 15 (cf. II. B. 1. b.).—If the opinion of the senator does not refer to the chief question, but to incidental points, the predic. inf. may have any form:

eas leges quas M. Antonius tulisse dicitur omnes censeo per vim et contra auspicia latas, eisque legibus populum non teneri,

Cic. Phil. 5, 4, 10:

cum magna pars senatus... cum tyrannis bellum gerendum fuisse censerent... et urbem recipi, non capi, etc.,

Liv. 26, 32, 2.—

With ut, and negatively, ut ne or ne, generally when the clause has an active predicate, but also with passives instead of the gerundial inf.-clause:

de ea re ita censeo uti consules designati dent operam uti senatus Kal. Jan. tuto haberi possit,

Cic. Phil. 3, 15, 37:

censeo ut iis qui in exercitu Antonii sunt, ne sit ea res fraudi, si, etc.,

id. ib. 5, 12, 34:

censebant omnes fere (senatores) ut in Italia supplementum meis et Bibuli legionibus scriberetur,

id. Fam. 3, 3, 1:

Cn. Pompeius (in senatu) dixit, sese... censere ut ad senatus auctoritatem populi quoque Romani beneficium erga me adjungeretur,

id. Sest. 34, 74:

quas ob res ita censeo: eorum qui cum M. Antonio sunt, etc.... iis fraudi ne sit quod cum M. Antonio fuerint,

id. Phil. 8, 11, 33:

Calidius, qui censebat ut Pompeius in suas provincias proficisceretur,

Caes. B. C. 1, 2:

censuerunt quidam (senatores) ut Pannonicus, alii ut Invictus cognominaretur,

Suet. Tib. 17:

iterum censente ut Trebianis... concederetur (of the emperor's vote in the Senate),

id. ib. 31.—And an inf.-clause, with neu or ut:

sed ita censeo: publicandas eorum pecunias, etc.: neu quis postea de his ad senatum referat, etc.,

Sall. C. 51, 43:

qui partem bonorum publicandam, pars ut liberis relinqueretur, censuerat,

Tac. A. 4, 20.—

With a subj.-clause, without ut (rare in this connection;

v. III. C. 3.): K. Fabius censuit... occuparent patres ipsi suum munus facere, captivum agrum plebi quam maxime aequaliter darent,

Liv. 2, 48, 2.— And ironically with regard to incidental points: vereamini censeo ne... nimis aliquid severe statuisse videamini, I propose you should be afraid of having decreed too severe a punishment = of course, you will not be afraid, etc., Cic. Cat. 4, 6, 13: misereamini censeo—deliquere homines adulescentuli per ambitionem—atque etiam armatos dimittatis, I propose that you pity them, etc., or I advise you to be merciful, Sall. C. 52, 26.—

Ellipt., with a gerundial clause understood:

dic quid censes (i. e. decernendum),

Liv. 1, 32, 11: quod ego mea sententia censebam (i.e. decernendum), Cato ap. Cic. Fam. 15, 5, 2:

senati decretum fit, sicut ille censuerat,

Sall. C. 53, 1:

quas ob res ita censeo... senatui placere, etc. ( = ita decernendum censeo, etc.),

Cic. Phil. 9, 7, 15, § 17 sq.; 10, 11, 25 sq.; 11, 12, 29 sq.; 14, 14, 36 sq.—

= sententiam dicere, to tell, to express one ' s opinion in the Senate (post-class.).

Absol.: Priscus Helvidius.. contra studium ejus (sc. Vitellii) censuerat, had voted, or had expressed an opinion against his wishes, Tac. H. 2, 91:

cum parum sit, in senatu breviter censere, nisi, etc.,

id. Dial. 36 fin.:

sententias... prout libuisset perrogabat... ac si censendum magis quam adsentiendum esset,

Suet. Aug. 35:

igitur Cn. Piso, quo, inquit, loco censebis, Caesar? si primus, etc.,

Tac. A. 1, 74.—

With adjectives in the neuter, substantively used: nec quoquam reperto (in senatu) qui... referre aut censere aliquid auderet, who dared to express an opinion on any [p. 313] thing, Suet. Caes. 20:

per dissensionem diversa censentium,

of the senators who expressed different opinions, id. Claud. 10.—

With interrog. or rel.-clause:

deinde ageret senatorem et censeret quid corrigi aut mutari vellet,

Tac. A. 16, 28:

cum censeat aliquis (in senatu) quod ex parte mihi placeat,

Sen. Ep. 21, 9.

Of the decrees or resolutions of the Senate, = decernere, placere, to resolve, decree.

With inf.-clause.

With gerund, without copula (v. II. A. 1.):

eum, cujus supplicio senatus sollennes religiones expiandas saepe censuit,

Cic. Mil. 27, 73:

eos senatus non censuit redimendos,

id. Off. 3, 32, 114; so id. N. D. 2, 4, 10; id. Verr. 2, 3, 6, § 15:

senatus Caelium ab republica removendum censuit,

Caes. B. C. 3, 21:

senatus censuit frequens coloniam Labicos deducendam,

Liv. 4, 47, 6; 5, 24, 4:

cum bello persequendos Tusculanos patres censuissent,

id. 6, 25, 5; 3, 42, 6; 3, 49, 8; 7, 19, 7 et saep.—

With pres. inf. pass. or act., with the force of a gerundial:

de bonis regiis quae reddi antea censuerant ( = reddenda),

Liv. 2, 5, 1:

munera mitti legatis ex binis milibus aeris censuerunt (i.e. patres),

id. 43, 5, 8; so id. 45, 44, 15 (v. 2. b.):

eundem jus dicere Romae... patres censuerant,

id. 45, 12, 13:

cum senatus unum consulem, nominatimque Gnaeum Pompeium fieri censuisset,

Suet. Caes. 26.—With both act. and pass. inf.:

censuere patres, duas provincias Hispaniam rursus fieri... et Macedoniam Illyricumque eosdem... obtinere,

Liv. 45, 16, 1.—With both pres. pass. and gerund. inff.:

haec ita movere senatum, ut non expectanda comitia consuli censerent, sed dictatorem... dici,

Liv. 27, 5, 14.—

And with velle: senatus verbis nuntient, velle et censere eos ab armis discedere, etc.,

Sall. J. 21, 4.—

With ut or ne.

In the words of the Senate, according to formula: quod L. Opimius verba fecit de re publica, de ea re ita censuerunt uti L. Opimius consul rem publicam defenderet, etc., ancient S. C. ap. Cic. Phil. 8, 4, 14: quod, etc., de ea re ita censuerunt ut M. Pomponius praetor animadverteret curaretque ut si, etc., S. C. ap. Suet. Rhet. 1; Gell. 15, 4, 1.—And with gerundial inf.-clause: quod C. Julius pontifex... de ea re ita censuerunt, uti M. Antonius consul hostiis majoribus... procuraret... Ibus uti procurasset satis habendum censuerunt, S. C. ap. Gell. 4, 6, 2.—

As related by the historians, etc.:

quoniam senatus censuisset, uti quicunque Galliam provinciam obtineret... Aeduos defenderet,

Caes. B. G. 1, 35:

patres censuerunt uti consules provincias inter se compararent,

Liv. 30, 40, 12:

senatus censuit ut domus ei... publica impensa restitueretur,

Suet. Claud. 6;

so with reference to the civil law,

Dig. 49, 14, 15 quater. —With ne:

senatum censuisse, ne quis illo anno genitus educaretur,

Suet. Aug. 94.—And with inf -clause:

filio regis Nicomedi ex ea summa munera dari censuerunt, et ut victimae... praeberentur,

Liv. 45, 44, 15.—

With a subj.-clause (very rare):

senatus consulto quo censeretur, darent operam consules, etc.,

Aur. Vict. Vir. Ill. 73, 10.—

With neutr. acc. pron. in place of a clause:

cum vero id senatus frequens censuisset (sc. faciendum),

Cic. Pis. 8, 18:

ite in suffragium, et quae patres censuerunt vos jubete,

Liv. 31, 7, 14:

quodcunque vos censueritis,

id. 34, 7, 15:

quodpatres censuissent,

id. 28, 45, 2.—

With accusative of a noun, or a noun as passive subject, to decree or vote a thing (postclass.):

nec tamen repertum nisi ut effigies principum, aras deum, templa et arcus aliaque solita... censuere,

Tac. A. 3, 57:

aram Clementiae, aram Amicitiae, effigiesque... censuere,

id. ib. 4, 74: cum censeretur clipeus auro et magnitudine insignis inter auctores eloquentiae ( to be placed among, etc.), id. ib. 2, 83.—

With both acc. and dat.

The dat. = against:

bellum Samnitibus et patres censuerunt et populus jussit,

Liv. 10, 12, 3.—

The dat. = in behalf of:

censentur Ostorio triumphi insignia,

Tac. A. 12, 38.—And with ut:

sententiis eorum qui supplicationes et... vestem Principi triumphalem, utque ovans urbem iniret, effigiesque ejus... censuere,

id. ib. 13, 8.

Transf.

Of the opinions and resolutions of other deliberating bodies, or of their members, to resolve, or to be of opinion.

With inf.-clause.

Gerundial:

erant qui censerent de tertia vigilia in castra Cornelia recedendum (council of war),

Caes. B. C. 2, 30:

erant sententiae quae conandum omnibus modis castraque Vari oppugnanda censerent,

id. ib.; so id. ib. 2, 31; id. B. G. 2, 31 fin.; 7, 21; 7, 77:

pontifices, consules, patres conscripti mihi... pecunia publica aedificandam domum censuerunt,

Cic. Pis. 22, 52: nunc surgendum censeo, I move we adjourn (in a literary meeting), id. de Or. 2, 90, 367:

cum... pontifices solvendum religione populum censerent,

Liv. 5, 23, 9:

nunc has ruinas relinquendas non censerem (in an assembly of the people),

id. 5, 53, 3:

ego ita censeo, legatos extemplo Romam mittendos (in the Carthaginian Senate),

id. 21, 10, 13:

ante omnia Philippum et Macedonas in societatem belli... censeo deducendos esse (Hannibal in a council of war),

id. 36, 7, 3; 5, 36, 8; Curt. 10, 6, 22; 10, 8, 12:

cum septem judices cognovissent, duo censuerunt, reum exilio multandum, duo alii pecunia, tres reliqui capite puniendum,

Gell. 9, 15, 7.—And with oportere inst. of a gerundial clause (referring to duty):

neque sine gravi causa eum locum quem ceperant, dimitti censuerant oportere,

Caes. B. C. 1, 44.—With opus esse ( = expediency):

Parmenio furto, non proelio opus esse censebat,

Curt. 10, 8, 12.—

With ordinary pres. inf.

In place of a gerundial:

Antenor censet belli praecidere = praecidendam causam (in a council of war),

Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 9.—

Denoting opinion about an existing state:

Hasdrubal ultimam Hispaniae oram... ignaram adhuc Romanorum esse, eoque Carthaginiensibus satis fidam censebat,

Liv. 27, 20, 6:

Parmenio non alium locum proelio aptiorem esse censebat,

Curt. 3, 7, 8.—

With ut or ne:

censeo ut satis diu te putes requiesse et iter reliquum conficere pergas (in a literary meeting),

Cic. de Or. 2, 71, 290:

plerique censebant ut noctu iter facerent (council of war),

Caes. B. C. 1, 67:

et nunc magnopere censere, ut unam anum... triginta milibus talentum auri permutet (council of war),

Curt. 4, 11, 12:

censeout D. Claudius ex hac die deus fiat (council of the gods),

Sen. Lud. Mort. Claud. 9, 5: antiquos audio censuisse, ne (praenomina) cui ejusdem gentis patricio inderentur, resolved (family council), Gell. 9, 2, 11 (cf. Liv. 6, 20, 14).—

With subj.-clause:

nunc quoque arcessas censeo omnes navalis terrestrisque copias (Hannibal in council of war),

Liv. 36, 7, 17: censeo relinquamus nebulonem hunc, eamus hinc protinus Jovi Optimo Maximo gratulatum (assembly of the people), Scipio Afric. ap. Gell. 4, 18, 3.—

With acc. neutr. of a pron. or adj. substantively used:

ego pro sententia mea hoc censeo: quandoquidem, etc.,

Sen. Lud. Mort. Claud. 11, 4:

nec dubitavere quin vera censeret,

that his opinion was correct, Curt. 10, 6, 18.—

Ellipt.:

sententiis quarum pars deditionem, pars eruptionem censebat (i.e. faciendam),

Caes. B. G. 7, 77 init.:

ita uti censuerant Italici deditionem facit,

Sall. J. 26, 2; so Caes. B. G. 7, 75.

Of the orders of persons in authority (cf. II. B.).

Of commanders, etc., by courtesy, inst. of velle, imperare, or a direct imperative sentence.

With gerundial inf. - clause: non tam imperavi quam censui sumptus legatis quam maxime ad legem Corneliam decernendos, I said, not strictly as an order, but as an opinion that, etc. (Cicero as proconsul), Cic. Fam. 3, 10, 6.—

With subj.-clause: arma quae ad me missuri eratis, iis censeo armetis milites quos vobiscum habetis, you had better, etc., Pomp. ap. Cic. Att. 8, 12, A, 4. —

Of an order by the people (rare;

gen. populus jubet): ita id (foedus) ratum fore si populus censuisset (i. e. confirmandum esse),

Liv. 21, 19, 3.—

Of the later emperors, in their ordinances (censemus = placet nobis, sancimus, imperamus, from the custom of the earlier emperors, who conveyed their commands in the form of an opinion in the senate; v. II. A. 1.).—With inf.clause, ut, ne, and subj.-clause:

sex mensium spatium censemus debere servari,

Cod. Just. 11, 48 (47), 7:

censemus ut, etc.,

ib. 12, 37 (38), 13:

censemus ne, etc.,

ib. 12, 44 (45), 1: censemus vindicet, remaneat, ib. 11, 48 (47), 23:

in commune jubes si quid censesve tenendum, Primus jussa subi,

Claud. IV. Cons. Hon. 296.

Of advice, given by one person to another (further development of III. A.).

Ante-class. formula: faciundum censeo = I advise, with ut-clause, with quid, sic, etc.: censeo faciundum ut quadringentos aliquos milites ad verrucam illam ire jubeas, etc., I advise you to order, etc., Cato ap. Gell. 3, 7, 6:

ego Tiresiam... consulam, Quid faciundum censeat,

consult Tiresias as to what he advises, for his advice, Plaut. Am. 5, 1, 80:

consulam hanc rem amicos quid faciundum censeant,

id. Men. 4, 3, 26; id. Most. 3, 1, 23:

sic faciundum censeo: Da isti cistellam, etc.,

id. Cist. 4, 2, 104:

ego sic faciundum censeo: me honestiu'st Quam te, etc.,

id. As. 4, 2, 11; id. Ep. 2, 2, 91:

sane faciundum censeo,

id. Stich. 4, 2, 38.—

With ordinary gerundial inf.-clauses:

narrandum ego istuc militi censebo,

I advise you to let the soldier know that, Plaut. Mil. 2, 4, 42:

exorando sumendam operam censeo,

id. Stich. 1, 2, 22:

quid nunc consili captandum censes?

id. As. 2, 2, 91; id. Mil. 5, 25; id. Most. 1, 3, 115:

idem tibi censeo faciendum,

Cic. Off. 10, 1, 3:

quos quidem tibi studiose et diligenter tractandos magno opere censeo,

id. Fin. 4, 28, 79; id. Fam. 12, 28, 2.—Sometimes by aequum censere with an inf.-clause (in the comic poets):

amicos consulam quo me modo Suspendere aequom censeant potissumum,

Plaut. Poen. 3, 5, 50: qui homo cum animo... depugnat suo, Utrum ita se esse mavelit ut eum animus aequom censeat, An ita potius ut parentes... velint i. e. as his mind prompts him, id. Trin. 2, 2, 29; cf. E. 1. b. 8.—

With a subj.clause (so esp. with censeo in 1 st pers.): censen' hominem interrogem? do you advise me to ask the man? etc., Plaut. Poen. 3, 4, 20:

tu, si videbitur, ita censeo facias ut... supersedeas hoc labore itineris (cf.: faciundum censeo ut, 1. supra),

Cic. Fam. 4, 2, 4:

immo plane, inquam, Brute, legas (Gracchum) censeo,

id. Brut. 33, 125:

tu, si forte quid erit molestiae te ad Crassum et Calidium conferas censeo,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 3, 7:

tu, censeo, tamen adhibeas Vettium,

id. Att. 2, 4, 7:

quae disputari de amicitia possunt, ab iis censeo petatis qui ista profitentur,

id. Lael. 5, 17: tu, censeo, Luceriam venias: nusquam eris tutius, Pomp. ap. Cic. Att. 8, 1, 1; 8, 11, A:

censeo Via Appia iter facias, et celeriter Brundusium venias,

id. ib. 8, 11, C: ad Caesarem mittas censeo, et ab eo hoc petas, Anton. ib. 10, 10, 2: sed hos tamen numeros censeo videas hodou parergon, Gell. 17, 20, 5:

quam scit uterque, libens censebo exerceat artem,

Hor. Ep. 1, 14, 44 (cf. Liv. 36, 7, 17, and Gell. 4, 18, 3, quoted III. A. 3.).—Of an advice given to an adversary, with irony:

cetera si qua putes te occultius facere posse... magnopere censeo desistas,

I strongly advise you to give up that idea, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 68, § 174:

sed tu, Acci, consideres censeo diligenter, utrum censorum judicium grave esse velis an Egnatii,

id. Clu. 48, 135:

postulant ut excipiantur haec inexplicabilia. Tribunum censeant: aliquem adeant: a me... numquam impetrabunt,

id. Ac. 2, 30, 97:

ibi quaeratis socios censeo, ubi Saguntina clades ignota est,

Liv. 21, 19, 10:

solvas censeo, Sexte, creditori,

Mart. 2, 13, 2.—And in jest:

Treviros vites censeo, audio capitalis esse,

Cic. Fam. 7, 13, 2:

hi Plebei fuerunt, quos contemnas censeo... qua re ad patres censeo revertare,

id. ib. 9, 21, 3:

vites censeo porticum Philippi: si te viderit Hercules, peristi,

Mart. 5, 49, 13; so id. ib. 11, 99, 8; 12, 61, 7.—For ironical senatorial advice, by which the contrary is meant, v. Cic. Cat. 4, 6, 13; Sall. C. 52, 26, quoted II. A. 3.—

With an ut-clause (with monere;

very rare): illud tamen vel tu me monuisse vel censuisse puta... ut tu quoque animum inducas, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 4, 8, 2.—

With a clause understood: quo me vortam nescio: Pa. Si deos salutas, dextrovorsum censeo (i.e. id facias or faciundum censeo), Plaut. Curc. 1, 1, 70: quo redeam? Pe. Equidem ad phrygionem censeo (i. e. redeas), id. Men. 4, 2, 53:

quid nunc censes, Chrysale? (i. e. faciundum),

id. Bacch. 4, 8, 112:

ita faciam ut frater censuit,

Ter. Phorm. 5, 2, 11:

tibi igitur hoc censeo (i. e. faciendum): latendum tantisper ibidem, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 9, 2, 4: tu [p. 314] potes Kalendis spectare gladiatores, et ita censeo, id. ib. 16, 20:

quid censes igitur? Ecquidnam est tui consilii ad? etc.,

id. Att. 9, 12, 4: quid igitur censet (sapientia)? What is wisdom ' s advice? id. Phil. 13, 3, 6:

scribi quid placeat, quid censeas,

id. Att. 9, 19,4:

ibitur igitur, et ita quidem ut censes,

id. ib. 10, 15, 3:

disce, docendus adhuc, quae censet amiculus,

Hor. Ep. 1, 17, 3.

Of opinions and views on general questions, to be of opinion, think, believe, hold (cf.: statuo, existimo, puto, aio, dico; freq. in class. prose; very rare in post-class. writers except Gellius; never with ut, ne, or subj.-clause).

With inf.-clause:

Plato mundum esse factum censet a deo sempiternum,

Cic. Ac. 2, 37, 118:

Cyrenaici non omni malo aegritudinem effici censent, sed insperato,

id. Tusc. 3, 13, 28:

(Hieronymus) censet summum bonum esse sine ulla molestia vivere,

id. Fin. 2, 5, 16:

Aristoteles eos qui valetudinis causa furerent, censebat habere aliquid in animis praesagiens,

id. Div. 1, 38, 81:

Pythagoras censuit animum esse per naturam rerum omnem intentum et commeantem,

id. ib. 1, 11, 27; so id. Ac. 1, 11, 40; 2, 42, 131; id. Fin. 1, 6, 20; 3, 15, 49; 3, 19, 64; 3, 21, 70; 4, 7, 17; 5, 7, 17; id. N. D. 1, 2, 3; 1, 2, 4; 1, 12, 29; 1, 13, 35 and 37; 1, 43, 120; 1, 44, 121; 2, 22, 57; 2, 16, 44; id. Sen. 12, 41; id. Leg. 1, 13, 36; id. Tusc. 1, 9, 18; 1, 10, 22; 1, 30, 72; 1, 45, 108; 3, 5, 11; 3, 22, 52; 4, 7, 14; id. Off. 1, 25, 88:

Plato in civitate communis esse mulieres censuit,

Gell. 18, 2, 8; 14, 5, 2; 18, 1, 4; 19, 12, 6.—If the opinion refers to what should be observed, oportere or debere is used, or a gerundial predicate with esse (so in Cic., but in Gell. 7, 15, 3, without esse):

oportere delubra esse in urbibus censeo,

Cic. Leg. 2, 10, 26:

M. Varro aeditumum dici oportere censet,

Gell. 12, 10, 4; 14, 5, 2;

so with debere,

id. 17, 5, 5; 13, 8, 4:

Cyrenaici... virtutem censuerunt ob eam rem esse laudandam,

Cic. Off. 3, 33, 116:

(Ennius) non censet lugendam esse mortem quam immortalitas consequatur,

id. Sen. 20, 73.—

An inf.-clause understood:

(dissensio est), a quibus temporibus scribendi capiatur initium. Ego enim ab ultimis censeo (i. e. exordiendum esse),

Cic. Leg. 1, 3, 8:

si, Mimnermus uti censet, sine amore jocisque Nil est jucundum,

Hor. Ep. 1, 6, 65:

sic enim censuit,

Cic. Off. 3, 33, 117.—

With neutr. acc. of a pron.: hoc amplius censeo, in addition to the opinions mentioned I hold, etc., Sen. Vit. Beat. 3, 2:

nullo (medico) idem censente,

Plin. 29, 1, 5, § 11.—

With a rel.-clause:

Aesopus quae utilia... erant, non severe neque imperiose praecepit et censuit,

he imparted his teachings and views, Gell. 2, 29, 1.—

Absol.:

non adligo me ad unum aliquem ex Stoicis proceribus. Est et mihi censendi jus,

the right to impart my opinions, Sen. Vit. Beat. 3, 2.

In gen., = arbitror, puto, existimo, judico (cf.: idem enim valet censere et arbitrari, Varr. ap. Non. p. 519, 29: censere nunc significat putare, nunc suadere, nunc decernere, Paul. ex Fest. p. 54, 11 Mull.).

To judge, think, believe, suppose (freq. in ante-class. writings; very rare in Cic. except in the particular meanings, a.—ironically—and d.; always with inf.-clause expressed or understood).

In gen.:

atque ego censui abs te posse hoc me impetrare,

Plaut. Cas. 2, 6, 12 sq.:

satis jam delusam censeo: rem, ut est, nunc eloquamur,

id. As. 3, 3, 141:

nam si honeste censeam te facere posse, suadeam,

id. Mil. 4, 8, 60:

neque ego hac noctem longiorem me vidisse censeo,

id. Am. 1, 1, 126:

saluti quod tibi esse censeo,

id. Merc. 1, 35; so id. Am. 4, 3, 2; id. Most. 1, 3, 127; id. Pers. 1, 1, 9; 2, 2, 8; 2, 3, 75 sq.; id. Truc. 2, 2, 60; id. As. 2, 2, 33; id. Aul. 2, 4, 30; 2, 4, 36; id. Cas. 2, 8, 38; Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 53; id. Phorm. 2, 2, 13: aut domino, cujum id censebis esse, reddes, Cincius, Re Mil. l. iii., de ap. Gell. 16, 4, 2:

eo namque omnem belli molem inclinaturam censebant (consules),

Liv. 7, 32, 3:

nec facturum aequa Samnitium populum censebant, si... oppugnarent,

id. 7, 31, 7:

quaeso ut ea quae dicam non a militibus imperatori dicta censeas,

id. 7, 13, 8:

at illa purgare se, quod quae utilia esse censebat... suasisset,

Curt. 8, 3, 7: Alexander, tam memorabili victoria laetus, qua sibi Orientis fines apertos esse censebat, id. 9, 1, 1; so id. 10, 8, 22.—

With reference to an erroneous opinion, to imagine, suppose, falsely believe:

censebam me effugisse a vita marituma Ne navigarem, etc.,

Plaut. Bacch. 2, 3, 108:

omnes eum (sc. Jovem) esse (Amphitruonem) censent servi,

id. Am. prol. 122, 134:

jam hic ero, quom illic censebis esse me,

id. ib. 3, 3, 14:

ardere censui aedes,

id. ib. 5, 1, 15:

ego hunc censebam esse te,

id. Men. 5, 9, 13; so id. As. 5, 2, 20; id. Aul. 3, 5, 55; id. Bacch. 1, 2, 14; id. Men. 3, 3, 32; 5, 9, 76; id. Merc. 1, 2, 87; id. Poen. 1, 1, 54; 3, 1, 60; 3, 4, 25; id. Rud. 2, 4, 31; 4, 7, 35; id. Stich. 4, 2, 24; id. Truc. 1, 1, 72 et saep.: censuit se regem Porsenam occidere, Cass. Hem. ap. Non. p. 4, 88:

non ipsa saxa magis sensu omni vacabant quam ille... cui se hic cruciatum censet optare,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 44, 107.—And ironically:

nisi forte Diagoram aut Theodorum... censes superstitiosos fuisse,

Cic. N. D. 1, 42, 117:

nisi forte etiam illi Semproniano senatus consulto me censes adfuisse, qui ne Romae quidem fui,

id. Fam. 12, 29, 2:

neminem me fortiorem esse censebam,

Curt. 8, 14, 42.—

Referring to what should take place.

With gerundial inf.-clause:

navis praedatoria, Abs qua cavendum nobis sane censeo,

Plaut. Men. 2, 2, 70:

soli gerundum censeo morem,

id. Most. 1, 3, 69:

neque vendundam censeo Quae libera est,

Ter. Ad. 2, 1, 39; so id. Eun. 4, 4, 53; 5, 8, 42; id. Hec. 4, 4, 94; id. Phorm. 2, 4, 17:

ceterum ei qui consilium adferret opem quoque in eam rem adferendam censebant esse,

Liv. 25, 11, 14.—

With oportere, debere, or an ordinary inf.-clause:

solam illi me soli censeo esse oportere obedientem,

Plaut. Most. 1, 3, 47:

quibus declaraveram, quo te animo censerem esse oportere, et quid tibi faciendum arbitrarer,

Cic. Fam. 4, 9, 1:

rursus interrogatus quid ipse victorem statuere debere censeret,

Curt. 8, 14, 43: impudens postulatio visa est, censere... ipsos id (bellum) advertere in se, agrosque suos pro alienis populandos obicere, to entertain the idea that they should direct that war against themselves and their own lands, etc., Liv. 21, 20, 4:

munere eum fungi prioris censet amici = eum fungi oportere,

Hor. Ep. 1, 9, 5:

quae nos quoque sustinere censebat,

App. M. 11, p. 253.—

By aequum censere with ordinary inf.clause, expressed or understood, either = it is fair ( right) to do something, or something ought or should be done (so very freq. in the comic poets and Livy; rare in other writers): non ego istunc me potius quam te metuere aequom censeo, I do not think it right to fear him, etc., Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 51: quid me aequom censes pro illa tibi dare? What do you think I should give as a fair price? etc., id. As. 1, 3, 76: meum animum tibi servitutem servire aequom censui, I thought it my duty that my mind should, etc., id. Trin. 2, 2, 27: ecquis est tandem qui vestrorum... aequom censeat poenas dare ob eam rem quod arguatur male facere voluisse? Cato ap. Gell. 6 (7), 3, 36:

quis aequum censeret... receptos in fidem non defendi?

Liv. 21, 19, 5; so id. 24, 37, 7; 5, 3, 8; 22, 32, 6.—And without emphasis upon the idea of fairness or right:

si sunt ita ut ego aequom censeo,

as I think they ought to be, Plaut. Stich. 1, 2, 55; so id. Trin. 3, 2, 87; 2, 3, 1; id. Merc. 3, 3, 8; id. Aul. 4, 1, 11; id. Ep. 4, 1, 29; id. Stich. 2, 2, 20; 4, 1, 42:

qui aequom esse censeant, nos jam a pueris ilico nasci senes,

who believe that we should be born as old men right from childhood, Ter. Heaut. 2, 1, 2; so id. ib. 5, 5, 11; id. Ad. 4, 3, 10:

qui aequom censeant rem perniciosam utili praeponi,

Auct. Her. 2, 14, 22: (tribuni) intercedebant;

senatum quaerere de pecunia non relata in publicum... aequum censebant,

Liv. 38, 54, 5:

cives civibus parcere aequum censebat,

Nep. Thras. 2, 6.—

Very freq., esp. in Cic., when a question, rhetorical or real, is addressed to a second person, often referring to erroneous opinions:

an fores censebas nobis publicitus praeberier?

Plaut. Am. 4, 2, 7:

clanculum istaec te flagitia facere censebas potesse?

id. Men. 4, 2, 47:

hicine nos habitare censes?

id. Trin. 4, 3, 72:

omnes cinaedos esse censes, tu quia es?

id. Men. 3, 2, 48; so id. As. 2, 4, 78; 5, 2, 37; id. Bacch. 4, 6, 41; 5, 2. 82; id. Capt. 4, 2, 66; 4, 2, 74; 5, 2, 16; id. Cas. 2, 6, 29; id. Men. 5, 5, 25: continuo dari Tibi verba censes? Ter. And. 3, 2, 25; so id. ib. 3, 3, 13; 4, 4, 55; id. Heaut. 4, 3, 38; id. Hec. 4, 1, 32; 4, 4, 53; id. Phorm. 5, 6, 35:

adeone me delirare censes ut ista esse credam?

Cic. Tusc. 1, 6, 10:

nam cum in Graeco sermone haec... non videbantur, quid censes in Latino fore?

id. Fin. 3, 4, 15:

quid igitur censes? Apim illum nonne deum videri Aegyptiis?

id. N. D. 1, 29, 82:

quis haec neget esse utilia? quem censes?

id. Off. 3, 26, 99:

an censes me tantos labores... suscepturum fuisse, si, etc.,

id. Sen. 23, 82:

an vos Hirtium pacem velle censetis?

id. Phil. 12, 4, 9; so id. Brut. 50, 186; 85, 294; id. Tusc. 1, 5, 10 fin.; 2, 4, 11; 3, 13, 27; id. Fin. 1, 10, 34; id. N. D. 1, 8, 20; 1, 28, 78; 1, 44, 122; id. Leg. 2, 10, 23; id. Div. in Caecil. 16, 54; id. Phil. 1, 6, 13; 4, 3, 7; 7, 4, 14; 11, 1, 3; 11, 5, 10; 12, 3, 7; 12, 6, 13; 12, 8, 21; 12, 9, 22; 13, 2, 4; 14, 4, 10; id. Att. 10, 11, 4:

quid censes munera terrae?... quo spectanda modo, quo sensu credis et ore?

Hor. Ep. 1, 6, 5 sqq.; so id. ib. 2, 2, 65; Lucr. 1, 973 (with obj.inf.).—With conditional period inst. of an inf.-clause:

num censes faceret, filium nisi sciret eadem haec velle,

Ter. And. 3, 3, 46.—

Sometimes censemus? is used in the same way as censes?

Cic. Tusc. 1, 2, 4; id. Off. 2, 7, 25; id. Fam. 4, 9, 2.—

With an inf.clause understood: itane tu censes? Pa. Quid ego ni ita censeam? Plaut. Mil. 4, 3, 27: quid ergo censes? Tr. Quod rogas, Censeo, id. Rud. 4, 8, 7 sq.: quid illum censes? (i. e. eo loco facere?) Ter. And. 5, 2, 12:

quid illas censes? (i. e. posse dicere),

id. Ad. 4, 5, 22; so Plaut. Curc. 1, 1, 59; Ter. Heaut. 3, 3, 9; 5, 3, 21.—So, very freq. in the comic poets, censeo, absol., as an approving answer; also sic censeo, istuc censeo, ita censeo (Cic.) to be variously rendered: ego divinam rem intus faciam... So. Censeo, that will be right! Plaut. Am. 3, 3, 11: auscultemus quid agat: Ph. Sane censeo, so we will, indeed, id. Curc. 2, 2, 29: quid si recenti re aedis pultem? Ad. Censeo, do so! id. Poen. 3, 4, 18: quin eloquamur? Ag. Censeo, hercle, patrue, id. ib. 5, 4, 93: patri etiam gratulabor? Tr. Censeo, I think so (and after answering several questions with censeo): etiamne complectar ejus patrem? Tr. Non censeo. Pl. Nunc non censet quom volo, id. Rud. 4, 8, 6 sqq.; id. Ps. 2, 2, 69; id. Stich. 5, 4, 53; id. Truc. 2, 4, 73; id. Cas. 4, 3, 14; Ter. Eun. 2, 1, 11; id. Heaut. 3, 3, 27: male habeas! Mu. Sic censeo, Plaut. Men. 4, 1, 11: aliquem arripiamus, etc.: Ly. Hem, istuc censeo, id. Merc. 3, 3, 19 (cf.:

prorsus ita censeo, referring to general questions, as in D.,

Cic. Leg. 2, 10, 23);

once similarly censeas: Quid gravare? censeas!

Say yes, Plaut. Stich. 3, 2, 22.—

To resolve, as a merely mental act, with gerundial inf.-clause (rare; cf. II. B.): quibus rebus cognitis, Caesar maturandum sibi censuit, resolved to hasten, lit., thought he must hasten ( = statuit, existimavit), Caes. B. G. 7, 56 init.:

censuimus igitur amplius quaerendum,

Gell. 12, 14, 7.—

To consider, i. e. after carefully weighing the circumstances, with inf.-clause (rare):

sed cum censerem... me et periculum vitare posse, et temperatius dicere... ea causa mihi in Asiam proficiscendi fuit,

Cic. Brut. 91, 314.—

= pu tare, habere, judicare, to consider as, to hold, with two acc., or inf.-clause.

With double acc.:

quom dispicias tristem, frugi censeas (i.e. eum),

you would consider him thrifty, Plaut. Cas. 3, 2. 32:

auxilio vos dignos censet senatus,

considers you worthy of help, Liv. 7, 31, 2:

has... indagines cuppediarum majore detestatione dignas censebimus si, etc.,

Gell. 7 (6), 16, 6: cum Priscum nobilitas hostem patriae censuisset, judged, declared him the enemy, etc., Aur. Vict. Caes. 29, 4.—

In the pass. with nom. and inf., = haberi (in Manil. and Gell.):

praeter illas unam et viginti (comoedias) quae consensu omnium Plauti esse censebantur,

Gell. 3, 3, 3:

quae terrena censentur sidera sorte (i. e. esse),

are considered as being of the terrestrial kind, Manil. 2, 226; so id. 2, 293; 2, 653; 2, 667; 3, 96; so, sub aliquo censeri, to be considered as being under one ' s influence, id. 4, 246; 4, 705; cf. id. 3, 598 (with per).—

To wish, with subj.-clause or ne (in App.):

de coma pretiosi velleris floccum mihi confestim adferas censeo,

App. M. 6. [p. 315] p. 117:

censeo ne ulla cura os percolat,

id. Mag. p. 411.

censeo, ēre, = succenseo, to be angry: ne vobis censeam, si, etc., Varr. ap. Non. p. 267, 24.

tŏga, ae, f. [tego], a covering, garment.

In gen. (ante-class. and rare): praeterea quod in lecto togas ante habebant; ante enim olim fuit commune vestimentum et diurnum et nocturnum et muliebre et virile, Varr. ap. Non. 541, 2:

incinctā togā,

Afran. ib. 540, 33; cf.

comic.: ne toga cordylis, ne paenula desit olivis,

Mart. 13, 1, 1. —

A roofing, roof:

(toga) dicitur et tectum,

Non. 406, 21. —

In partic., the outer garment of a Roman citizen in time of peace, long, broad, and flowing, and consisting of a single piece of stuff; the toga or gown.

Lit.:

sed quod pacis est insigne et otii toga,

Cic. Pis. 30, 73:

quem tenues decuere togae,

Hor. Ep. 1, 14, 32:

ima,

Quint. 11, 3, 139:

pexa,

Mart. 2, 44, 1:

rasa,

id. 2, 88, 4: toga praetexta, the toga of magistrates and free-born children, ornamented with purple; v. praetexo: toga pura, the unornamented toga of youth who had laid aside the praetexta:

Ciceroni meo togam puram cum dare Arpini vellem,

Cic. Att. 9, 6, 1; 5, 20, 9; 7, 8, 5;

called more freq. virilis,

id. Sest. 69, 144; id. Phil. 2, 18, 44; Liv. 26, 19, 5; Plin. Ep. 1, 9, 2; and:

toga libera,

Prop. 4 (5), 1, 132; Ov. F. 3, 771; cf.:

a patre ita eram deductus ad Scaevolam sumptā virili togā,

Cic. Lael. 1, 1:

toga picta,

worn by a victor in his triumph, Liv. 10, 7, 9; 30, 15, 11; Flor. 1, 5, 6:

purpurea,

worn by kings, Liv. 27, 4, 11; 31, 11, 12: candida, the toga worn by candidates for office, made of white fulled cloth; v. candidus: pulla, the dark-gray toga of mourners; v. pullus; cf. Becker, Gallus, 3, p. 107 sq.; 2, pp. 55 and 74 sq. (2d edit.).—

Transf.

As a designation for peace:

ex quo genere haec sunt, Liberum appellare pro vino, campum pro comitiis, togam pro pace, arma ac tela pro bello,

Cic. de Or. 3, 42, 167: cedant arma togae, id. poët. Off. 1, 22, 77; id. Pis. 30, 73:

vir omnibus belli ac togae dotibus eminens,

Vell. 1, 12, 3; Tert. Pall. 5.—Also of the Roman national character; hence, togae oblitus, forgetful of Rome, Hor. C. 3, 5, 10.—

As, in the times of the emperors, the toga went more and more out of use, and became almost exclusively the garment of clients, poet. for a client:

eheu quam fatuae sunt tibi Roma togae,

Mart. 10, 18, 4; 10, 47, 5; cf. Plin. Pan. 65; Flor. 4, 12, 32. —

As women of loose character were not allowed to wear the proper female garment (the stola), and assumed the toga, poet. for a prostitute: si tibi cura togae est [p. 1876] potior pressumque quasillo Scortum, Tib. 4, 10, 3.

* * *

verto ( vorto), ti, sum, 3 ( inf. vortier, Plaut. Rud. 3, 6, 48; Lucr. 1, 710; 2, 927; 5, 1199 al.), v. a. and n. [Sanscr. root vart-, to apply one's self, turn; cf. vart-ukas, round].

Act., to turn, to turn round or about (syn.: verso, contorqueo).

Lit.:

(luna) eam partem, quaecumque est ignibus aucta, Ad speciem vertit nobis,

Lucr. 5, 724:

speciem quo,

id. 4, 242:

ora huc et huc,

Hor. Epod. 4, 9:

terga,

Ov. Tr. 3, 5, 6:

gradu discedere verso,

id. M. 4, 338:

verso pede,

id. ib. 8, 869:

pennas,

i. e. to fly away, Prop. 2, 24, 22 (3, 19, 6):

cardinem,

Ov. M. 14, 782:

fores tacito cardine,

Tib. 1, 6, 12: cadum, to turn or tip up, Hor. C. 3, 29, 2:

versā pulvis inscribitur hastā,

inverted, Verg. A. 1, 478:

verte hac te, puere,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 29; cf.:

verti me a Minturnis Arpinum versus,

Cic. Att. 16, 10, 1:

cum haesisset descendenti (virgini) stola, vertit se et recollegit,

Plin. Ep. 4, 11, 9:

ante tuos quotiens verti me, perfida, postes,

Prop. 1, 16, 43:

Pompeiani se verterunt et loco cesserunt,

turned about, wheeled about, fled, Caes. B. C. 3, 51; cf.:

vertere terga,

to turn one's back, run away, betake one's self to flight, id. B. G. 1, 53; 3, 21; id. B. C. 1, 47; 3, 63 fin.; Liv. 1, 14, 9; cf.

also: hostem in fugam,

to put to flight, rout, id. 30, 33, 16;

Auct. B. Afr. 17: iter retro,

Liv. 28, 3, 1:

hiems (piscis) ad hoc mare,

Hor. Epod. 2, 52: fenestrae in viam versae, turned or directed towards, looking towards, Liv. 1, 41, 4; cf.:

mare ad occidentem versum,

id. 36, 15, 9:

Scytharum gens ab oriente ad septentrionem se vertit,

Curt. 7, 7, 3:

(Maeander) nunc ad fontes, nunc in mare versus,

Ov. M. 8, 165: terram aratro, to turn up or over, to plough, etc., Hor. S. 1, 1, 28:

ferro terram,

Verg. G. 1, 147:

glaebas (aratra),

Ov. M. 1, 425; 5, 477:

solum bidentibus,

Col. 4, 5:

agros bove,

Prop. 3, 7, 43 (4, 6, 43):

collem,

Col. 3, 13, 8:

freta lacertis (in rowing),

Verg. A. 5, 141:

ex illā pecuniā magnam partem ad se vortit,

Cic. Div. in Caecil. 17, 57.—Mid.: vertier ad lapidem, to turn or incline one's self towards, Lucr. 5, 1199:

congressi... ad caedem vertuntur,

Liv. 1, 7, 2; so,

versi in fugam hostes,

Tac. H. 2, 26; cf.:

Philippis versa acies retro,

Hor. C. 3, 4, 26:

sinit hic violentis omnia verti Turbinibus,

to whirl themselves about, Lucr. 5, 503:

magnus caeli si vortitur orbis,

id. 5, 510:

vertitur interea caelum,

revolves, Verg. A. 2, 250:

squamarum serie a caudā ad caput versā,

reaching, Plin. 28, 8, 30, § 119.—

Trop.

In gen., to turn:

ne ea, quae reipublicae causa egerit, in suam contumeliam vertat,

Caes. B. C. 1, 8:

in suam rem litem vertendo,

Liv. 3, 72, 2:

usum ejus (olei) ad luxuriam vertere Graeci,

Plin. 15, 4, 5, § 19; cf.:

aliquid in rem vertere,

turn to account, make profitable, Dig. 15, 3, 1 sqq.:

edocere, quo sese vertant sortes,

Enn. Trag. v. 64 Vahl.; Verg. A. 1, 671:

ne sibi vitio verterent, quod abesset a patriā,

Cic. Fam. 7, 6, 1:

idque omen in Macedonum metum verterunt Tyrii,

Curt. 4, 2, 13:

in religionem vertentes comitia biennic habita,

making a matter of religious scruple, Liv. 5, 14, 2:

aquarum insolita magnitudo in religionem versa,

id. 30, 38, 10; cf. id. 26, 11, 3:

id ipsum quod iter belli esset obstructum, in prodigium et omen imminentium cladium vertebatur,

Tac. H. 1, 86 fin.:

vertere in se Cotyi data,

to appropriate, id. A. 2, 64:

perii! quid agam? quo me vertam?

Ter. Hec. 4, 1, 1:

quo se verteret, non habebat,

Cic. Phil. 2, 29, 74; id. Div. 2, 72, 149:

Philippus totus in Persea versus,

inclined towards him, Liv. 40, 5, 9:

toti in impetum atque iram versi,

id. 25, 16, 19:

si bellum omne eo vertat,

id. 26, 12, 13:

di vortant bene, Quod agas,

cause to turn out well, prosper, Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 121; cf. infra, II. B.; so,

in melius somnia,

Tib. 3, 4, 95.—

In partic.

To turn, i. e. to change, aller, transform (syn. muto):

Juppiter In Amphitruonis vortit sese imaginem,

Plaut. Am. prol. 121:

in anginam ego nunc me velim vorti,

id. Most. 1. 3, 61:

omnes natura cibos in corpora viva Vertit,

Lucr. 2, 880: vertunt se fluvii frondes et pabula laeta In pecudes; vertunt pecudes [p. 1978] in corpora nostra Naturam, id. 2, 875 sq.; cf.:

cum terra in aquam se vertit,

Cic. N. D. 3, 12, 31:

verte omnis tete in facies,

Verg. A. 12, 891:

ego, quae memet in omnia verti,

id. ib. 7, 309:

tot sese vertit in ora,

id. ib. 7, 328:

inque deum de bove versus erat,

Ov. F. 5, 616:

Auster in Africum se vertit,

Caes. B. C. 3, 26 fin.; cf. Liv. 30, 24, 7:

semina malorum in contrarias partes se vertere,

Cic. Div. 2, 14, 33:

omnia versa et mutata in pejorem partem,

id. Rosc. Am. 36, 103:

cur nunc tua quisquam Vertere jussa potest,

Verg. A. 10, 35:

hic continentiam et moderationem in superbiam ac lasciviam vertit,

Curt. 6, 6, 1; cf.:

fortuna hoc militiae probrum vertit in gloriam,

id. 9, 10, 28:

versus civitatis status,

Tac. A. 1, 4:

versis ad prospera fatis,

Ov. H. 16, 89: solum, to change one's country, i. e. to emigrate or go into exile, Cic. Balb. 11, 28; Amm. 15, 3, 11 et saep.; v. solum. —With abl. (rare and poet.):

nullā tamen alite verti Dignatur,

Ov. M. 10, 157; cf.

muto.—Prov.: in fumum et cinerem vertere,

to turn into smoke, dissipate, Hor. Ep. 1, 15, 39.—Mid.:

omnia vertuntur: certe vertuntur amores,

Prop. 2, 8, 7 (9):

saevus apertam In rabiem coepit verti jocus,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 149.—

To exchange, interchange: nos divitem istum meminimus adque iste pauperes nos;

vorterunt sese memoriae,

Plaut. Truc. 2, 1, 11; cf.:

vorsis gladiis depugnarier,

id. Cas. 2, 5, 36.—

Of literary productions, to turn into another language, to translate (syn.:

transfero, interpretor, reddo): Philemo scripsit, Plautus vortit barbare,

Plaut. Trin. prol. 19:

si sic verterem Platonem, ut verteruntnostri poëtae fabulas,

Cic. Fin. 1, 3, 7:

verti etiam multa de Graecis,

id. Tusc. 2, 11, 26:

annales Acilianos ex Graeco in Latinum sermonem vertit,

Liv. 25, 39, 12.—

To ply:

stimulos sub pectore vertit Apollo,

i. e. stimulates the fury, Verg. A. 6, 101.—

In partic., like our to turn upside down, i. e. to overturn, overthrow, subvert, destroy (= everto):

Callicratidas cum multa fecisset egregie, vertit ad extremum omnia,

Cic. Off. 1, 24, 84:

agerent, verterent cuncta,

Tac. H. 1, 2; id. A. 2, 42; 3, 36:

Cycnum Vi multā,

Ov. M. 12, 139:

fluxas Phrygiae res fundo,

Verg. A. 10, 88; 1, 20; 2, 652:

vertere ab imo moenia Trojae,

id. ib. 5, 810:

Ilion fatalis incestusque judex... vertit in pulverem,

Hor. C. 3, 3, 20:

proceras fraxinos,

id. ib. 3, 25, 16:

ab imo regna,

Sen. Hippol. 562:

Penates,

id. Troad. 91:

puppem,

Luc. 3, 650:

fortunas,

Amm. 28, 3, 1.—

Mid., from the idea of turning round in a place, to be engaged in, to be in a place or condition; also to turn, rest, or depend upon a thing:

jam homo in mercaturā vortitur,

Plaut. Most. 3, 1, 109:

res in periculo vortitur,

id. Merc. 1, 2, 12; Phaedr. 2, 8, 19; so,

res vertitur in majore discrimine,

Liv. 6, 36, 7:

ipse catervis Vertitur in mediis,

Verg. A. 11, 683:

omnia in unius potestate ac moderatione vertentur,

Cic. Verr. 1, 7, 20; so,

spes civitatis in dictatore,

Liv. 4, 31, 4:

totum id in voluntate Philippi,

id. 37, 7, 8:

causa in jure,

Cic. Brut. 39, 145:

hic victoria,

Verg. A. 10, 529:

cum circa hanc consultationem disceptatio omnis verteretur,

Liv. 36, 7, 1:

puncto saepe temporis maximarum rerum momenta verti,

id. 3, 27, 7.— Impers.:

vertebatur, utrum manerent in Achaico concilio Lacedaemonii, an, etc.,

Liv. 39, 48, 3.—

To ascribe, refer:

quae fuerunt populis magis exitio quam fames morbique, quaeque alia in deum iras velut ultima malorum vertunt,

Liv. 4, 9, 3 Weissenb. ad loc.:

cum omnium secundorum adversorumque in deos verterent,

id. 28, 11, 1.—

= considero; exercitum majorum more vortere, Sall. ap. Serv. ad Verg. A. 5, 408 dub. (Sall. H. inc. 51 Dietsch ad loc.).

Neutr., to turn one's self, direct one's way, to turn about, to turn.

Lit.:

depulsi aemulatione alio vertunt,

Tac. A. 1, 18:

eoque audaciae provectum ut verteret, etc.,

id. ib. 4, 10:

utinam mea vocula dominae vertat in auriculas!

Prop. 1, 16, 28:

versuros extemplo in fugam omnes ratus,

Liv. 38, 26, 8 (but in Lucr. 5, 617 the correct read. is cancri se ut vortat).—

Trop., to turn, change, etc.:

jam verterat fortuna,

Liv. 5, 49, 5:

libertatem aliorum in suam vertisse servitutem conquerebantur,

id. 2, 3, 3:

totae solidam in glaciem vertere lacunae,

Verg. G. 3, 365: verterat pernicies in accusatorem, Tac. A. 11, 37:

quod si esset factum, detrimentum in bonum verteret,

Caes. B. C. 3, 73 fin.:

ea ludificatio veri in verum vertit,

Liv. 26, 6, 16: talia incepta, ni in consultorem vertissent, reipublicae pestem factura, against, Sall. H. inc. 89 Dietsch:

neque inmerito suum ipsorum exemplum in eos versurum,

Liv. 7, 38, 6:

si malus est, male res vortunt, quas agit,

turn out badly, Plaut. Pers. 4, 1, 5; so,

quae res tibi vertat male,

Ter. Ad. 2, 1, 37:

quod bene vertat, castra Albanos Romanis castris jungere jubet (= cum bonis omnibus),

Liv. 1, 28, 1; 3, 62, 5; 3, 35, 8:

quod bene verteret,

Curt. 5, 4, 12; 7, 11, 14:

hos illi (quod nec vertat bene), mittimus haedos,

Verg. E. 9, 6.—

Annus, mensis vertens, the course or space of a year, of a month:

anno vertente sine controversiā (petisses),

Cic. Quint. 12, 40; so,

anno vertente,

id. N. D. 2, 20, 53; Nep. Ages. 4, 4; cf.:

apparuisse numen deorum intra finem anni vertentis,

Cic. Phil. 13, 10, 22:

tu si hanc emeris, Numquam hercle hunc mensem vortentem, credo, servibit tibi,

Plaut. Pers. 4, 4, 76; Macr. S. 1, 14.—

Pregn.: annus vertens, the great year or cycle of the celestial bodies (a space of 15,000 solar years), Cic. Rep. 6, 22, 24.—Hence, ver-sus ( vors-), or (much less freq.) ver-sum ( vors-), adv., turned in the direction of, towards a thing; usu. after the name of a place to which motion is directed (orig. a part., turned towards, facing, etc., and so always in Livy; cf. Liv. 1, 18, 6 Weissenb. ad loc.; 1, 41, 4; 9, 2, 15).

Form versus (vors-).

After ad and acc.:

T. Labienum ad Oceanum versus... proficisci jubet,

Caes. B. G. 6, 33: ad Alpes versus, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 15, 2:

ad Cercinam insulam versus, Auct. B. Afr. 8, 3: ad Cordubam versus, Auct. B. Hisp. 11: modo ad Urbem, modo in Galliam versus,

Sall. C. 56, 4. —

After in and acc.:

in agrum versus,

Varr. R. R. 3, 5, 10:

in forum versus,

Cic. Lael. 25, 96:

in Arvernos versus,

Caes. B. G. 7, 8: si in urbem versus venturi erunt, Traj. ap. Plin. Ep. 10, 78 (82), 3.—

After acc. alone (class. only with names of towns and small islands):

verti me a Minturnis Arpinum versus,

Cic. Att. 16, 10, 1:

Brundisium versus,

id. Fam. 11, 27, 3:

Ambraciam versus,

Caes. B. C. 3, 36:

Massiliam versus,

id. ib. 2, 3:

Narbonem versus,

id. B. G. 7, 7.—

After other advv.:

deorsum versus,

Cato, R. R. 156, 4:

sursum versus,

Cic. Or. 39, 135:

dimittit quoquo versus legationes,

Caes. B. G. 7, 4:

ut quaedam vocabula utroque versus dicantur,

Gell. 5, 12, 10; cf. the adverbs deorsum, sursum, etc.—

Form versum (vors-).

After ad and acc.:

animadvertit fugam ad se versum fieri,

Sall. J. 58, 4.—

After other advv.:

cunas rursum vorsum trahere,

Plaut. Am. 5, 1, 60 (63):

lumbis deorsum versum pressis,

Varr. R. R. 2, 7, 5:

vineam sursum vorsum semper ducito,

Cato, R. R. 33, 1:

cum undique versum circumfluat,

Gell. 12, 13, 20:

utroque vorsum rectum est ingenium meum,

Plaut. Capt. 2, 3, 8.

, but no ancient authority can be safely cited for this use. The true readings are:

in Italiam versus,

Cic. Fam. 4, 12, 1:

adversus aedem,

Liv. 8, 20, 8:

in forum versus,

Plin. 10, 43, 60, § 121; and perh. in oppidum, Auct. B. Hisp. 21.

vēlo, āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. [velum], to cover, cover up, wrap up, wrap, envelop, veil, etc. (class.; syn.: contego, induo).

Lit.:

capite velato,

Cic. N. D. 2, 3, 10; Quint. 2, 13, 13; 6, 1, 48:

caput velatum filo,

Liv. 1, 32, 6; cf.:

capita ante aras Phrygio amictu,

Verg. A. 3, 545:

varices,

Quint. 11, 3, 143:

partes tegendas,

Ov. M. 13, 479:

velanda corporis,

Plin. Ep. 6, 24, 3: antennas, covered with or supporting the sails, Verg. A. 3, 549.—Of clothing:

velatus togā,

enveloped, clothed, Liv. 3, 26, 10:

purpurea veste,

Ov. M. 2, 23:

tunicā,

id. F. 3, 645:

stolā,

Hor. S. 1, 2, 71; Tib. 1, 5, 25 (3, 4, 55):

amiculis,

Curt. 3, 3, 10:

umeros chlamyde,

Spart. Sev. 19.—Of other objects:

maternā tempora myrto,

Verg. A. 5, 72:

tempora purpureis tiaris,

to wrap round, bind round, Ov. M. 11, 181:

tempora vittis,

id. P. 3, 2, 75:

coronā,

id. ib. 4, 14, 55; cf.

in a Greek construction: Amphicus albenti velatus tempora vittā,

id. M. 5, 110:

cornua lauro,

id. ib. 15, 592:

frondibus hastam,

id. ib. 3, 667:

serta molas,

id. F. 6, 312:

Palatia sertis,

id. Tr. 4, 2, 3:

delubra deūm fronde,

Verg. A. 2, 249: velatis manibus orant, ignoscamus peccatum suum, i. e. holding the velamenta (v. h. v. I. C.), Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 101; cf.:

velati ramis oleae,

Verg. A. 11, 101. —

Milit. t. t.; P. a. as subst.: vēlāti, ōrum, m., soldiers who wore only a cloak; only in the phrase accensi velati, a kind of supernumerary troops who followed the army to fill the places of any who might fall, Cic. Rep. 2, 22, 40; and in late Lat. inscrr. freq. sing.:

ACCENSVS VELATVS, one such soldier,

Inscr. Orell. 111; 1368; 2153; 2182; v. accenseo, P. a. B.—

Trop., to hide, conceal (post-Aug.; several times in Tac.;

otherwise rare): odium fallacibus blanditiis,

Tac. A. 14, 56:

externa falsis armis,

id. H. 4, 32; cf. id. A. 12, 61:

primas adulescentis cupidines,

id. ib. 13, 13:

culpam invidiā,

id. ib. 6, 29: scelere velandum est scelus, Sen. Hippol. 721:

nihil (with omittere),

Plin. Pan. 56, 1.—Hence, * vēlātō, adv., through a veil, darkly, obscurely:

deum discere,

Tert. adv. Marc. 4, 29.

palla, ae, f. [kindred with pellis; cf. Doed. Syn. 5, p. 211], a long and wide upper garment of the Roman ladies, held together by brooches, a robe, mantle (cf.:

stola, peplum, chlamys),

Plaut. As. 5, 2, 35; id. Men. 1, 2, 21; 56; id. Truc. 5, 54; Hor. S. 1, 2, 99; id. Epod. 5, 65:

pro longae tegmine pallae Tigridis exuviae per dorsum a vertice pendent,

Verg. A. 11, 576:

palla superba,

Ov. Am. 3, 13, 26:

obscura,

Mart. 11, 104, 7:

scissā pallā,

Juv. 10, 262; cf. Becker, Gall. 3, p. 144 (2d edit.).—

Transf.

In the poets also of a garment worn by men, e. g. of the dress of a tragic actor:

personae pallaeque repertor honestae Aeschylus,

Hor. A. P. 278; Ov. Am. 2, 18, 15; 3, 1, 12; of the cithara-player Arion, id. F. 2, 107; of Phœbus, id. M. 11, 166; id. Am. 1, 8, 59; Tib. 3, 4, 35; of Boreas, Ov. M. 6, 705; of Mercury, Stat. Th. 7, 39; of Osiris, Tib. 1, 8, 47; of Bacchus, Stat. Ach. 1, 262; of Jason, Val. Fl. 3, 718.—

An under-garment:

citharoedus palla inaurata indutus,

Auct. Her. 4, 47, 60:

pallamque induta rigentem insuper aurato circumvelatur amictu,

Ov. M. 14, 262; Val. Fl. 3, 525:

Gallica,

Mart. 1, 93, 8; Stat. Th. 7, 39; App. Flor. 15.—

A curtain: peripetasma, velum, palla, Gloss. Philox.:

cum inter dicentes et audientem palla interesset,

Sen. Ira, 3, 22, 2.

circum-do, dĕdi, dătum, dăre, v. a., lit. to put, set, or place around, i. e. both to wrap around (e. g. a mantle). and also to enclose (e. g. a town with a wall; syn.: cingo, vestio, saepio, circumvallo al.), with a twofold construction (cf. Zumpt, Gr. § 418).

Aliquid (alicui rei), to place something [p. 337] around something, to put, set around, etc. (class. in prose and poetry).

With dat.:

aër omnibus est rebus circumdatus appositusque,

Lucr. 6, 1035:

moenibus subjectos prope jam ignes circumdatosque restinximus,

Cic. Cat. 3, 1, 2:

circumdare fossam latam cubiculari lecto,

id. Tusc. 5, 20, 59:

satellites armatos contioni,

Liv. 34, 27, 5:

hinc patre hinc Catulo lateri circumdatis, Romam rediit,

i. e. one on each side, id. 30, 19, 9; 3, 28, 2:

milites sibi,

Tac. A. 13, 25:

arma umeris,

Verg. A. 2, 510:

licia tibi,

id. E. 8, 74:

vincula collo,

Ov. M. 1, 631:

bracchia collo,

id. ib. 9, 459; 9, 605; 6, 479;

and in tmesis: collo dare bracchia circum,

Verg. A. 6, 700 (cf. the simplex:

bracchia cervici dare,

Hor. C. 3, 9, 3):

lectis aulaea purpura,

Curt. 9, 7, 15:

cum maxime in hostiam itineri nostro circumdatam intuens,

i. e. divided, and part placed on each side of the way, Liv. 40, 13, 4.—

Without a dat.:

caedere januam saxis, ligna et sarmenta circumdare ignemque subicere coeperunt,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 27, § 69; 2, 1, 31, § 80:

ignes,

id. Pis. 38, 93:

custodias,

id. Cat. 4, 4, 8:

armata circumdatur Romana legio,

Liv. 1, 28, 3:

exercitu circumdato summā vi Cirtam irrumpere nititur,

Sall. J. 25, 9:

circumdatae stationes,

Tac. A. 1, 50:

murus circumdatus,

Caes. B. G. 1, 38:

turris toto opere circumdedit,

id. ib. 7, 72:

circumdato vallo,

Curt. 3, 2, 2:

lauream (sc. capiti),

Suet. Vit. 9.— Subst.: circumdăti, ōrum, m., those around, the surrounding soldiers:

circumdatos Antonius adloquitur,

Tac. H. 3, 63.—With an abl. loci:

toto oppido munitiones,

Hirt. B. G. 8, 34 fin.:

equites cornibus,

Liv. 33, 18, 9; and without dat., Tac. A. 14, 53.—With two accs.:

circumdare terram radices,

Cato, R. R. 114;

and per tmesin,

id. ib. 157.—

Trop. (most freq. in Tac.):

cancelli, quos mihi ipse circumdedi,

Cic. Quint. 10, 36:

nescio an majora vincula majoresque necessitates vobis quam captivis vestris fortuna circumdederit,

Liv. 21, 43, 3:

egregiam famam paci circumdedit,

i. e. conferred, imparted, Tac. Agr. 20; cf.:

principatus inanem ei famam,

id. H. 4, 11; id. Or. 37:

principi ministeria,

id. H. 2, 59; id. A. 14, 15.—In a Greek construction:

infula virgineos circumdata comptus,

encompassing, Lucr. 1, 88; Tac. H. 4, 45; id. A. 16, 25.—

Aliquem or aliquid (aliquā re), to surround some person or thing ( with something), to encompass, enclose, encircle with.

Lit.

In gen.:

animum (deus) circumdedit corpore et vestivit extrinsecus,

Cic. Univ. 6 fin.; cf.:

aether corpore concreto circumdatus undique,

Lucr. 5, 469:

portum moenibus,

Nep. Them. 6, 1:

regio insulis circumdata,

Cic. Fl. 12, 27:

villam statione,

Tac. A. 14, 8:

suam domum spatio,

id. G. 16:

collis operibus,

id. A. 6, 41:

vallo castra,

id. H. 4, 57:

Othonem vexillis,

id. ib. 1, 36:

canibus saltus,

Verg. E. 10, 57:

circumdato me bracchiis: meum collum circumplecte,

Plaut. As. 3, 3, 106:

collum filo,

Cat. 64, 377:

(aurum) circumdatum argento,

Cic. Div. 2, 65, 134: furvis circumdatus alis Somnus, * Tib. 2, 1, 89:

ad talos stola demissa et circumdata palla,

Hor. S. 1, 2, 99:

circumdedit se zonā,

Suet. Vit. 16:

circumdata corpus amictu,

Ov. M. 4, 313; cf. id. ib. 3, 666:

tempora vittis,

id. ib. 13, 643:

Sidoniam picto chlamydem circumdata limbo,

Verg. A. 4, 137.—

Esp. of a hostile surrounding, to surround, encompass, invest, besiege, etc.:

oppidum vallo et fossā,

Cic. Fam. 15, 4, 10:

oppidum quinis castris,

Caes. B. C. 3, 9:

cum legati... multitudine domum ejus circumdedissent,

Nep. Hann. 12, 4:

vallo atque fossā moenia circumdat,

Sall. J. 23, 1:

oppidum coronā,

Liv. 4, 47, 5:

quos (hostes) primo Camillus vallo circumdare est adortus,

id. 6, 8, 9:

fossā valloque urbem,

id. 25, 22, 8:

fossā duplicique vallo circumdatā urbe,

id. 28, 3, 5:

hostes exercitu toto,

Curt. 3, 8, 4. —

Trop.:

omni autem totam figuram mundi levitate circumdedit,

Cic. Univ. 6 init.:

exiguis quibusdam finibus oratoris munus circumdedisti,

have confined, circumscribed, id. de Or. 1, 62, 264; cf.:

minus octoginta annis circumdatum aevum,

Vell. 1, 17, 2:

pueritiam robore,

Tac. A. 12, 25:

fraude,

Sil. 7, 134; cf. id. 12, 477:

monstrorum novitate,

Quint. Decl. 18, 1.

circum-do, dĕdi, dătum, dăre, v. a., lit. to put, set, or place around, i. e. both to wrap around (e. g. a mantle). and also to enclose (e. g. a town with a wall; syn.: cingo, vestio, saepio, circumvallo al.), with a twofold construction (cf. Zumpt, Gr. § 418).

Aliquid (alicui rei), to place something [p. 337] around something, to put, set around, etc. (class. in prose and poetry).

With dat.:

aër omnibus est rebus circumdatus appositusque,

Lucr. 6, 1035:

moenibus subjectos prope jam ignes circumdatosque restinximus,

Cic. Cat. 3, 1, 2:

circumdare fossam latam cubiculari lecto,

id. Tusc. 5, 20, 59:

satellites armatos contioni,

Liv. 34, 27, 5:

hinc patre hinc Catulo lateri circumdatis, Romam rediit,

i. e. one on each side, id. 30, 19, 9; 3, 28, 2:

milites sibi,

Tac. A. 13, 25:

arma umeris,

Verg. A. 2, 510:

licia tibi,

id. E. 8, 74:

vincula collo,

Ov. M. 1, 631:

bracchia collo,

id. ib. 9, 459; 9, 605; 6, 479;

and in tmesis: collo dare bracchia circum,

Verg. A. 6, 700 (cf. the simplex:

bracchia cervici dare,

Hor. C. 3, 9, 3):

lectis aulaea purpura,

Curt. 9, 7, 15:

cum maxime in hostiam itineri nostro circumdatam intuens,

i. e. divided, and part placed on each side of the way, Liv. 40, 13, 4.—

Without a dat.:

caedere januam saxis, ligna et sarmenta circumdare ignemque subicere coeperunt,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 27, § 69; 2, 1, 31, § 80:

ignes,

id. Pis. 38, 93:

custodias,

id. Cat. 4, 4, 8:

armata circumdatur Romana legio,

Liv. 1, 28, 3:

exercitu circumdato summā vi Cirtam irrumpere nititur,

Sall. J. 25, 9:

circumdatae stationes,

Tac. A. 1, 50:

murus circumdatus,

Caes. B. G. 1, 38:

turris toto opere circumdedit,

id. ib. 7, 72:

circumdato vallo,

Curt. 3, 2, 2:

lauream (sc. capiti),

Suet. Vit. 9.— Subst.: circumdăti, ōrum, m., those around, the surrounding soldiers:

circumdatos Antonius adloquitur,

Tac. H. 3, 63.—With an abl. loci:

toto oppido munitiones,

Hirt. B. G. 8, 34 fin.:

equites cornibus,

Liv. 33, 18, 9; and without dat., Tac. A. 14, 53.—With two accs.:

circumdare terram radices,

Cato, R. R. 114;

and per tmesin,

id. ib. 157.—

Trop. (most freq. in Tac.):

cancelli, quos mihi ipse circumdedi,

Cic. Quint. 10, 36:

nescio an majora vincula majoresque necessitates vobis quam captivis vestris fortuna circumdederit,

Liv. 21, 43, 3:

egregiam famam paci circumdedit,

i. e. conferred, imparted, Tac. Agr. 20; cf.:

principatus inanem ei famam,

id. H. 4, 11; id. Or. 37:

principi ministeria,

id. H. 2, 59; id. A. 14, 15.—In a Greek construction:

infula virgineos circumdata comptus,

encompassing, Lucr. 1, 88; Tac. H. 4, 45; id. A. 16, 25.—

Aliquem or aliquid (aliquā re), to surround some person or thing ( with something), to encompass, enclose, encircle with.

Lit.

In gen.:

animum (deus) circumdedit corpore et vestivit extrinsecus,

Cic. Univ. 6 fin.; cf.:

aether corpore concreto circumdatus undique,

Lucr. 5, 469:

portum moenibus,

Nep. Them. 6, 1:

regio insulis circumdata,

Cic. Fl. 12, 27:

villam statione,

Tac. A. 14, 8:

suam domum spatio,

id. G. 16:

collis operibus,

id. A. 6, 41:

vallo castra,

id. H. 4, 57:

Othonem vexillis,

id. ib. 1, 36:

canibus saltus,

Verg. E. 10, 57:

circumdato me bracchiis: meum collum circumplecte,

Plaut. As. 3, 3, 106:

collum filo,

Cat. 64, 377:

(aurum) circumdatum argento,

Cic. Div. 2, 65, 134: furvis circumdatus alis Somnus, * Tib. 2, 1, 89:

ad talos stola demissa et circumdata palla,

Hor. S. 1, 2, 99:

circumdedit se zonā,

Suet. Vit. 16:

circumdata corpus amictu,

Ov. M. 4, 313; cf. id. ib. 3, 666:

tempora vittis,

id. ib. 13, 643:

Sidoniam picto chlamydem circumdata limbo,

Verg. A. 4, 137.—

Esp. of a hostile surrounding, to surround, encompass, invest, besiege, etc.:

oppidum vallo et fossā,

Cic. Fam. 15, 4, 10:

oppidum quinis castris,

Caes. B. C. 3, 9:

cum legati... multitudine domum ejus circumdedissent,

Nep. Hann. 12, 4:

vallo atque fossā moenia circumdat,

Sall. J. 23, 1:

oppidum coronā,

Liv. 4, 47, 5:

quos (hostes) primo Camillus vallo circumdare est adortus,

id. 6, 8, 9:

fossā valloque urbem,

id. 25, 22, 8:

fossā duplicique vallo circumdatā urbe,

id. 28, 3, 5:

hostes exercitu toto,

Curt. 3, 8, 4. —

Trop.:

omni autem totam figuram mundi levitate circumdedit,

Cic. Univ. 6 init.:

exiguis quibusdam finibus oratoris munus circumdedisti,

have confined, circumscribed, id. de Or. 1, 62, 264; cf.:

minus octoginta annis circumdatum aevum,

Vell. 1, 17, 2:

pueritiam robore,

Tac. A. 12, 25:

fraude,

Sil. 7, 134; cf. id. 12, 477:

monstrorum novitate,

Quint. Decl. 18, 1.

Fulvĭus, a, name of a Roman gens, Cic. Planc. 8, 20. So esp.,

M. Fulvius Flaccus, a friend of C. Gracchus, who lost his life with him, Cic. Brut. 28, 108; id. Cat. 1, 2, 4; 1, 12, 29; id. Phil. 8, 4, 14; Liv. Epit. 59.—

M. Fulvius Nobilior, Cic. Arch. 11; id. Tusc. 1, 2; id. Att. 4, 16.—

Q. Fulvius Flaccus, Cic. Agr. 2, 33; id. Verr. 2, 1, 41, § 106.—

Q. Fulvius Nobilior, Cic. Brut. 20.—Servius Fulvius Flaccus, Cic. ib. 21 and 32.— Fulvia, daughter of M. Fulvius Bambalio, and successively the wife of P. Clodius, C. Curio, and M. Antony, Cic. Phil. 2, 5, 11; id. Att. 14, 12, 1.—

Derivv.

Fulvĭānus, a, um, adj., of or belonging to a Fulvius or Fulvia, Fulvian:

herba,

named after a Fulvius, Plin. 26, 8, 57, § 68:

stola,

of Fulvia, wife of P. Clodius, Val. Max. 3, 5, 3.—

Fulvĭaster, tri, m., an imitator of a Fulvius, Cic. Att. 12, 44, 4 Orell. N. cr.

Fulvĭus, a, name of a Roman gens, Cic. Planc. 8, 20. So esp.,

M. Fulvius Flaccus, a friend of C. Gracchus, who lost his life with him, Cic. Brut. 28, 108; id. Cat. 1, 2, 4; 1, 12, 29; id. Phil. 8, 4, 14; Liv. Epit. 59.—

M. Fulvius Nobilior, Cic. Arch. 11; id. Tusc. 1, 2; id. Att. 4, 16.—

Q. Fulvius Flaccus, Cic. Agr. 2, 33; id. Verr. 2, 1, 41, § 106.—

Q. Fulvius Nobilior, Cic. Brut. 20.—Servius Fulvius Flaccus, Cic. ib. 21 and 32.— Fulvia, daughter of M. Fulvius Bambalio, and successively the wife of P. Clodius, C. Curio, and M. Antony, Cic. Phil. 2, 5, 11; id. Att. 14, 12, 1.—

Derivv.

Fulvĭānus, a, um, adj., of or belonging to a Fulvius or Fulvia, Fulvian:

herba,

named after a Fulvius, Plin. 26, 8, 57, § 68:

stola,

of Fulvia, wife of P. Clodius, Val. Max. 3, 5, 3.—

Fulvĭaster, tri, m., an imitator of a Fulvius, Cic. Att. 12, 44, 4 Orell. N. cr.

Fulvĭus, a, name of a Roman gens, Cic. Planc. 8, 20. So esp.,

M. Fulvius Flaccus, a friend of C. Gracchus, who lost his life with him, Cic. Brut. 28, 108; id. Cat. 1, 2, 4; 1, 12, 29; id. Phil. 8, 4, 14; Liv. Epit. 59.—

M. Fulvius Nobilior, Cic. Arch. 11; id. Tusc. 1, 2; id. Att. 4, 16.—

Q. Fulvius Flaccus, Cic. Agr. 2, 33; id. Verr. 2, 1, 41, § 106.—

Q. Fulvius Nobilior, Cic. Brut. 20.—Servius Fulvius Flaccus, Cic. ib. 21 and 32.— Fulvia, daughter of M. Fulvius Bambalio, and successively the wife of P. Clodius, C. Curio, and M. Antony, Cic. Phil. 2, 5, 11; id. Att. 14, 12, 1.—

Derivv.

Fulvĭānus, a, um, adj., of or belonging to a Fulvius or Fulvia, Fulvian:

herba,

named after a Fulvius, Plin. 26, 8, 57, § 68:

stola,

of Fulvia, wife of P. Clodius, Val. Max. 3, 5, 3.—

Fulvĭaster, tri, m., an imitator of a Fulvius, Cic. Att. 12, 44, 4 Orell. N. cr.

rūgōsus, a, um, adj. [1. ruga], wrinkled, shrivelled.

Lit.:

rugosiorem cum geras stola frontem,

Mart. 3, 93, 4:

spadones,

Hor. Epod. 9, 14:

genae,

Ov. Am. 1, 8, 112.— Poet.:

senecta,

Tib. 3, 5, 25:

frigore pagus (i. e. the villagers),

Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 105:

sanna,

that wrinkles his countenance, makes wry faces, Pers. 5, 91.—

Transf. (acc. to 1. ruga, I. B.), wrinkled, creased, shrivelled, corrugated:

acina,

Col. 12, 44, 4:

cortex populi,

Ov. H. 5, 28:

piper,

Pers. 5, 55:

pruna,

Mart. 13, 28, 1.

saepĭo ( sēp-), psi, ptum, īre ( pluperf. subj. saepissent, Liv. 44, 39, 3 dub.; v. Drak. ad loc.), 4, v. a. [saepes].

Prop., to surround with a hedge, to hedge in, fence in, enclose (class.; cf. vallo).

With abl.: VTI LOCVS ANTE EAM ARAM... STIPITIBVS ROBVSTIS SAEPIATVR, Cenot. Pisan. ap. Inscr Orell. 642; cf.:

saeptum undique et vestitum vepribus et dumetis indagavi sepulcrum,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 23, 64; cf. id. Rep. 1, 26, 41.—

In simple constr.:

dum ne per fundum saeptum facias semitam,

Plaut. Curc. 1, 1, 36.—

With abl. of time: pontifices negant segetem feriis saepiri debere, Col 2, 21, 2.—

Transf.

To enclose, surround, encircle, etc.

With abl.:

urbem moenibus,

Cic. Sest. 42, 91:

oppidum operibus, unitionibus,

id. Phil. 13, 9, 20:

castris,

id. Fam. 15, 4, 10; cf. Liv. 5, 5, 2; 44, 39, 3:

castra tectis parietum pro muro,

id. 25, 25, 8:

oculos membranis tenuissimis,

Cic. N. D. 2, 57, 142 sq.:

saltum plagis,

Lucr. 5, 1251:

feram venantum coronā,

Verg. A. 9, 551:

restituat legiones in locum, quo saeptae fuerunt,

Liv. 9, 11, 3:

Agrippam custodiā militum,

Suet. Aug. 65 fin.:

saepsit se tectis,

i. e. shut himself up in his palace, Verg. A. 7, 600.—

With acc.:

saepsit comitium et curiam,

Cic. Rep. 2, 17, 31:

omnes fori aditūs,

id. Phil. 5, 4, 9.—

Pass. with ab:

Albana pubes inermis ab armatis saepta,

Liv. 1, 28, 8.—

To cover, envelop, wrap, wrap up; with abl.:

aliquem veste,

Plaut. Cas. 5, 2, 40: saeptus squalidā stolā (with vestitus), Enn. ap. Non. 537, 27 sq.:

omnia sic avido complexu cetera saepsit (sc. aether),

Lucr. 5, 470:

at Venus obscuro gradientes aëre saepsit,

Verg. A. 1, 411.—

Trop.

To hedge up, check, impede, hinder, stop, etc.: perii, lacrimae linguam saepiunt, Afran. ap. Non. 41, 5.—

To surround, enclose, encompass, etc.: (inventa) vestire atque ornare oratione: post memoriā saepire, to enclose them in one's memory, i. e. to get them by heart, Cic. de Or. 1, 31, 142; cf.: is se circumvestit dictis, saepit sedulo, Poët. ap. Cic. de Or. 3, 39, 158; and:

domi teneamus eam (orbam eloquentiam) saeptam liberali custodiā,

Cic. Brut. 96, 330; v. Jahn ad h. l.: locum omnem cogitatione (the figure taken from surrounding with toils in hunting; cf.

II. A.),

Cic. de Or. 2, 34, 147:

saeptus legibus et judiciorum metu,

surrounded, sheltered, guarded, id. Phil. 12, 10, 25; cf.:

quibus praesidiis philosophiae saeptus sim,

id. Fam. 16, 23; so,

saeptus praesidiis,

id. Rep. 1, 44, 68; id. Off. 2, 11, 39; id. Mil. 1, 2; cf.

also: postquam omnia pudore saepta animadverterat,

Liv. 3, 44;

and with this cf.: (mulieres) saeptae pudicitiā agunt,

Tac. G. 19:

(lex) se saepit difficultate abrogationis,

Cic. Att. 3, 23, 2:

ut quibusdam excubiis in ore positis saepiatur,

Gell. 1, 15, 3.

vallum, i, n. [collective of 1. vallus; the line of palisades about an intrenchment; hence], an earthen wall or rampart set with palisades, a palisaded rampart, intrenchment, circumvallation.

Lit., Varr. L. L. 5, § 117 Müll.; Liv. 33, 5, 4 sq.:

castra vallo fossāque munire,

Caes. B. G. 2, 5:

aliquem vallo et fossā saeptum tenere,

Cic. Att. 9, 12, 3:

oppidum vallo et fossā cingere,

id. ib. 5, 20, 5:

oppidum vallo et fossā circumdare,

id. Fam. 15, 4, 10; Sall. J. 76, 2; Liv. 7, 23, 5; Verg. A. 9, 146; 9, 506; 9, 524; Hor. Epod. 9, 13 al.—

Transf., in gen., a wall, rampart, fortification; with gen.:

non Alpium vallum contra ascensum transgressionemque Gallorum obicio et oppono,

Cic. Pis. 33, 81:

India vallo munitur eburno,

Lucr. 2, 538:

saepes pastorum munita vallo arboris,

Plin. 12, 5, 11, § 22:

(spica) contra avium minorum morsus munitur vallo aristarum,

Cic. Sen. 15, 51:

munitae sunt palpebrae tamquam vallo pilorum,

id. N. D. 2, 57, 143:

dentium,

App. Dogm. Plat. 1, p. 10, 9.— Absol.:

si interdicta petes vallo (i. e. stola) circumdata, etc.,

Hor. S. 1, 2, 96.